Endotoxin and cisplatin synergistically stimulate TNF- production by renal epithelial cells

Ramesh G, Kimball SR, Jefferson LS, Reeves WB. Endotoxin and cisplatin synergistically stimulate TNFproduction by renal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 292: F812–F819, 2007. First published October 10, 2006; doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00277.2006.—Acute renal failure often occurs in the clinical setting of multiple renal insults. Tumor necrosis factor(TNF) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cisplatin nephrotoxicity, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and endotoxininduced acute renal failure. The current studies examined the interactions between cisplatin and endotoxin with particular emphasis on TNFproduction. Treatment of cultured murine proximal tubule cells (TKPTS cells) with cisplatin resulted in a modest production of TNF, while treatment with endotoxin did not result in any TNFproduction. However, the combination of cisplatin and endotoxin resulted in large amounts of TNFsynthesis and secretion. The stimulation of TNFproduction was dependent on cisplatin-induced activation of p38 MAPK and was associated with phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF4E and its upstream kinase Mnk1. Inhibition of p38 MAPK and, to a lesser extent, ERK, reduced cisplatin endotoxin-stimulated TNFproduction and phosphorylation of Mnk1 and eIF4E. Synergy between cisplatin and endotoxin was also observed in certain tumor cell lines, but not in macrophages. In macrophages, in contrast to TKPTS cells, endotoxin alone activated p38 MAPK and stimulated TNFproduction with no added impact by cisplatin. The combination of cisplatin and endotoxin did not result in synergistic production of other cytokines, e.g., MCP-1 and MIP2, by TKPTS cells. In summary, these studies indicate that cisplatin sensitizes renal epithelial cells to endotoxin and dramatically increases the translation of TNFmRNA in a p38 MAPK-dependent manner. These interactions between cisplatin and endotoxin may be relevant to the pathogenesis of cisplatin nephrotoxicity in humans.